By Dr Karzan A. M. Hawrami
The Forests of Kurdistan
In the 1950s, the Kurdistan region exhibited an estimated 5 million donums (1.25 million hectares) of natural forests. These flourishing woodlands harbored a diverse variety of flora and fauna and played a noteworthy role in the regional economy and heritage. Nevertheless, political disputes and environmental disregard resulted in extensive deforestation, causing a 50 percent reduction in the forested expanse. The preceding administration’s strategies and activities led to widespread forest fires and soil deterioration, intensifying the depletion of forest coverage.
Despite these adversities, Kurdistan persists as the most densely forested area in Iraq. Presently, 97 percent of Iraq’s forested regions are situated in Kurdistan, emphasizing its crucial contribution to the country’s environmental well-being. The forests in this region are predominantly populated by oak trees, constituting over 85 percent of the forested territories. Kurdistan is home to four distinct types of oak trees, each playing a unique role in the forest ecosystem and indigenous biodiversity.
Types of Oak Trees in Kurdistan
The oak trees in Kurdistan are not only significant for their ecological value but also for their resilience and adaptability. The four main types of oak trees found in the region are:
1. Quercus aegilops (Aleppo Oak): Known for its robust nature and ability to thrive in various soil types, the Aleppo Oak is a cornerstone of Kurdistan’s forest ecosystems.
2. Quercus infectoria (Gall Oak): This oak species is valued for its medicinal properties and its role in traditional medicine.
3. Quercus libani (Lebanon Oak): Adapted to the mountainous terrain, the Lebanon Oak contributes to soil stability and water retention.
4. Quercus cerris (Turkey Oak): With its wide canopy and deep roots, the Turkey Oak is essential for preventing soil erosion and maintaining soil health.
Duhok and Sulaimani: Forest Conservation Efforts
Within Kurdistan, different cities have taken unique approaches to forest conservation. Duhok city is renowned for its extensive natural forests, which have been carefully preserved and managed despite the challenges posed by deforestation. These natural forests are crucial for biodiversity conservation and provide a haven for wildlife.
In contrast, Sulaimani city has become a leader in the development of artificial forests. Through reforestation and afforestation efforts, Sulaimani has successfully established new forested areas, contributing to the overall forest cover in the region. These artificial forests not only enhance the local landscape but also play a vital role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.
Challenges and Opportunities for Kurdistan’s Forests
The most obvious problems of forestry in the Kurdistan Region are climate problems, water shortages, lack of scientific forest management, and misuse of this sector. In addition, individual awareness of this sector is weak. Despite these challenges, there are significant opportunities for developing the forest sector. For instance, increasing horticulture can be a good way to develop forests and increase green areas. A noteworthy example is Guatemala, where 40,000 families have planted 52 million trees over 240,000 acres, increasing agricultural production and the annual carbon absorption capacity by 387,000 tons.
To develop the forest sector in the Kurdistan Region, it is essential to think about increasing the area of gardens, especially with trees that are suitable for the Kurdistan climate, such as dates, olives, and peanuts. Although the growth of forests is slow and may not be economically viable in the short term, appropriate planning and management can overcome these problems and turn forests into a source of industry and income for farmers.
The Importance of Forests in Combating Climate Change
Forests, especially ecosystems dominated by oak trees, play a crucial role in the battle against climate change. Oak trees are renowned for their extended lifespan and substantial biomass, which enables them to effectively sequester carbon. Through the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, oak forests aid in the reduction of greenhouse gas levels and the alleviation of global warming.
Moreover, forests regulate local climates by providing shade, cooling the air, and influencing patterns of precipitation. They also serve as natural water purifiers, ensuring the maintenance of water quality and availability. In regions like Kurdistan, where water scarcity is an escalating concern, forests are pivotal in securing water resources.
The forests in Kurdistan constitute a fundamental element of Iraq’s natural legacy and ecological well-being. Despite facing significant obstacles, the area has succeeded in conserving a substantial portion of its forests, exhibiting resilience and dedication to environmental preservation. The prevalence of oak trees in Kurdistan’s forests underscores their ecological significance and their contribution to climate change mitigation. Serving as the core of Iraq’s woodland areas, Kurdistan’s forests are not only a source of pride but also a crucial asset for the region’s environmental sustainability. Safeguarding and rejuvenating these forests is imperative for the welfare of present and future generations.
Forests are of great importance as they enhance air quality, prevent temperature escalation, and should not face prohibition. Rather, there should be investments in forests to turn them into a source of revenue. Thorough research and prompt actions to enhance this sector, such as expanding horticultural activities, can substantially boost the region’s economy and environmental well-being.