A Model of Pragmatic Diplomacy
By Saadula Aqrawi
Yes, I believe it’s amazing, the Kurdistan Region, despite its status as an autonomous region rather than a sovereign state, has carved a notable role for itself in international and regional diplomacy. Over the past two decades, its leadership has strategically cultivated partnerships with neighboring countries and global powers, particularly the United States, resulting in a unique and largely successful foreign policy approach. Through diplomacy, trade, and security cooperation, the Kurdistan Region has enhanced its political legitimacy and economic resilience in a volatile region.
While relations between Erbil and Baghdad have often been strained over issues such as oil revenue sharing, budget allocations, and territorial disputes, there have been periods of pragmatic cooperation. I believe that the KRG has generally pursued a policy of dialogue and compromise, working with successive Iraqi governments to secure its constitutional rights while maintaining Iraq’s territorial integrity. Kurdistan’s relationship with Turkey has been one of the most dynamic and economically beneficial. Despite Ankara’s complicated stance on Kurdish issues domestically and abroad, it has developed robust ties with the KRG. Economic cooperation, especially in the energy sector, has flourished. Kurdish oil exports via the Ceyhan pipeline and strong trade ties have made Turkey a key partner, even as political tensions occasionally flare.
The KRG’s relationship with the United States has been a cornerstone of its foreign policy. Since the 1991 Gulf War and the establishment of the no-fly zone, the U.S. has played a pivotal role in protecting and supporting the Kurdistan Region. This relationship deepened with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, during which Kurdish forces (Peshmerga) proved to be key allies.
Of course, beyond military cooperation, the U.S. has supported development initiatives, governance reforms, and education in the Kurdistan Region. The presence of a U.S. Consulate General in Erbil underscores the strategic importance Washington places on its relationship with the KRG. I believe that the Kurdistan Region’s foreign policy has been characterized by pragmatism, balance, and an emphasis on economic diplomacy. Without full sovereignty, Erbil has had to engage in a complex diplomatic balancing act maintaining strong ties with both Baghdad and regional powers, while also nurturing relationships with Western allies. This balanced approach has allowed the KRG to attract foreign investment, participate in international forums, and host diplomatic missions from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It has positioned itself as a stable and reliable partner in a region often defined by volatility.
While challenges remain ranging from internal political divisions to shifting regional dynamics the Kurdistan Region’s foreign policy has largely succeeded in elevating its international standing. Its ability to engage constructively with neighboring countries and the United States stands as a testament to the diplomatic acumen of its leadership and the aspirations of its people. As the KRG continues to navigate a complex geopolitical landscape, its commitment to peaceful engagement, economic integration, and regional cooperation will be key to its continued success.